GLP-1 Research

GLP-1 receptor agonists: what the research actually shows.

Semaglutide, tirzepatide, and the next generation of metabolic compounds. We catalog the clinical evidence — trial data, mechanism of action, side effect profiles, and the research gaps nobody talks about. No therapeutic claims. Just the data.

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3
Compounds: 4
Clinical trials

Key compounds

Research-graded profiles on the major GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Semaglutide

FDA approved (Ozempic, Wegovy)

GLP-1 receptor agonist

The most-studied GLP-1 agonist. Approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic) and chronic weight management (Wegovy). Clinical trials show 15-17% body weight reduction over 68 weeks in the STEP trial program.

Mechanism

Mimics the incretin hormone GLP-1, slowing gastric emptying, reducing appetite via hypothalamic signaling, and improving pancreatic beta-cell function.

Tirzepatide

FDA approved (Mounjaro, Zepbound)

GIP/GLP-1 dual agonist

Dual-action agonist targeting both GIP and GLP-1 receptors. The SURMOUNT-1 trial showed up to 22.5% body weight reduction at the highest dose — the largest weight loss seen in any pharmaceutical trial to date.

Mechanism

Activates both GIP and GLP-1 receptors, producing synergistic effects on appetite suppression, insulin sensitivity, and fat metabolism that exceed GLP-1 monotherapy.

Retatrutide

Phase 3 clinical trials

GIP/GLP-1/Glucagon triple agonist

Eli Lilly's next-generation triple agonist. Phase 2 data showed up to 24.2% body weight reduction at 48 weeks — potentially exceeding tirzepatide. Adds glucagon receptor activation for enhanced fat oxidation.

Mechanism

Triple receptor activation: GIP for metabolic signaling, GLP-1 for appetite and glucose control, glucagon for thermogenesis and hepatic fat oxidation.

Key clinical data

The landmark trials and findings that define the GLP-1 evidence base.

STEP trial program (Semaglutide)

15-17% mean body weight reduction over 68 weeks. Sustained with continued treatment; partial regain after discontinuation.

NEJM 2021

SURMOUNT-1 (Tirzepatide)

Up to 22.5% body weight reduction at highest dose (15mg). Superior to semaglutide in head-to-head comparisons.

NEJM 2022

Cardiovascular outcomes (SELECT trial)

Semaglutide 2.4mg reduced major cardiovascular events by 20% in adults with overweight/obesity without diabetes.

NEJM 2023

Muscle preservation concerns

GLP-1 weight loss includes 25-40% lean mass loss. Resistance training + adequate protein may partially mitigate this.

Multiple studies, 2022-2024

Where to get started

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Interested in GLP-1 medications?

GLP-1 receptor agonists require a prescription from a licensed provider. Several telehealth platforms offer online consultations and prescribed GLP-1 medications shipped directly. We partner with verified providers who offer clinician-supervised programs.

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Protosi does not prescribe or sell medications. We provide research information and may refer you to licensed telehealth providers. All prescriptions are issued by independent licensed clinicians after a medical evaluation.

Supporting your GLP-1 protocol

Research suggests these supplements and testing protocols may complement GLP-1 therapy. Always discuss with your prescribing clinician.

Muscle preservation

Creatine monohydrate, adequate protein, resistance training

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Metabolic monitoring

HbA1c, fasting glucose, ApoB, liver enzymes

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Gut health support

BPC-157 (research compound), omega-3, magnesium

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Research peptides for metabolic support

While GLP-1 medications require a prescription, supporting research peptides (Tesamorelin, CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin, MOTS-c, 5-Amino-1MQ) are available as research-grade material.

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